Arnold Schönberg (1874-1951)

He began violin lessons when he was eight and almost immediately started composing, though he had no formal training until he was in his late teens, when Zemlinsky became his teacher and friend (in 1910 he married Zemlinsky's sister). His first acknowledged works date from the turn of the century and include the string sextet "Verklärte Nacht" as well as some songs, all showing influences from Brahms, Wagner and Wolf. In 1901-3 he was in Berlin as a cabaret musician and teacher, and there he wrote the symphonic poem "Pelleas und Melisande", pressing the Straussian model towards denser thematic argument and contrapuntal richness. He then returned to Vienna and began taking private pupils, Berg and Webern being among the first. He also moved rapidly forwards in his musical style.

The large orchestra of "Pelleas" and the "Gurrelieder" (a huge symphonic cantata), was replaced by an ensemble of 15 in "Chamber Symphony no.1" (1907), but with an intensification of harmonic strangeness, formal complexity and contrapuntal density: like the "String Quartet no.1" (1905), the work is cast as a single movement encompassing the characters of the traditional four and using every effort to join unconventional ideas (a sequence of 4ths in the Chamber Symphony, for instance) into a conventional discourse. When atonality arrived, therefore, as it did in 1908, it came as the inevitable outcome of a doomed attempt to accommodate ever more disruptive material. However, Schönberg found it possible a quarter-century later to return to something like his tonal style in such works as the "Suite in G" for strings, the completion of the "Chamber Symphony no.2" and the "Theme and Variations" for band.

That, however, was not possible immediately. The sense of key was left behind as Schönberg set poems by Stefan George in the last two movements of "String Quartet no.2 (1908)" and in the song cycle "Das Buch der hängenden Gärten" (often referred to as the first piece written in the new style), and for the next few years he lived in the new, rarefied musical air. With tonality had gone thematicism and rhythmic constraint; works tended to be short statements of a single extreme musical state, justifying the term 'expressionist' ("Five Orchestral Pieces"; "Three Piano Pieces").

The larger pieces of this period have some appropriate dramatic content: the rage and despair of a woman seaching for her lover ("Erwartung"), the bizarre stories, melancholia and jokes of a distintegrating personality -- ("Pierrot lunaire" (1912), for reciter in Sprechgesang with mixed quintet), or the progress of the soul towards union with God ("Die Jakobsleiter" -- unfinished oratorio).  "Die glückliche Hand" (1913), the one-act "drama with music," is from this same period as well.  Historically, "Pierrot" is of particular interest as it gives the first indication of a change in Schönberg's thinking that was to become more evident in later years.  Several of the songs feature elaborate contrapuntal structures of a relatively strict kind, marking a turn from the freer approach of the preceding works.

Gradually Schönberg came to find the means for writing longer instrumental structures, in the 12-tone serial method, and in the 1920s he retumed to standard forms and genres, notably in the "Suite for piano" (1924) -- his first completely 12-tone work, "String Quartet no.3" (1927), "Variations for Orchestra"(1928) -- in which we see the technique of combinatoriality in an extended setting,  and several choral pieces. He also founded the Society for Private Musical Performances (1919-21), involving his pupils in the presentation of new music under favorable conditions. In 1923 his wife died (he remarried the next year), and in 1925 he moved to Berlin to take a master class at the Prussian Academy of Arts. While there he wrote much of his unfinished opera "Moses und Aron" which is concerned with the impossibility of communicating truth without some distortion in the telling: it was a vehement confrontation with despair on the part of a composer who insisted on the highest standards of artistic honesty.

In 1933 he was obliged as a Jew to leave Berlin: he went to Paris, and formally returned to the faith which he had deserted for Lutheranism in 1898. Later the same year he arrived in the USA, and he settled in Los Angeles in 1934. It was there that he returned to tonal composition, while developing serialism to make possible the more complex structures of the "Violin Concerto" and the "String Quartet no.4". In 1936 he began teaching at UCLA and his output dwindled. After a heart attack in 1945, however, he gave up teaching and made some return to expressionism ("A Survivor from Warsaw", "String Trio"), as well as writing religious choruses.

(see also article: The Second Viennese School)